To donate by mail, The Salvation Army of Miami-Dade | 1907 NW 38th St., Miami, FL 33142. Adoption records for family history 1. Social pressures have thankfully evolved, as has the social welfare system and we can only stress that their experiences would be different today. We estimate that around 6,700 of these babies, approximately a third, had adoptions arranged by Local Authorities and other adoption agencies. Papers relating to Victoria Homes in Whitechapel 1904-1918 (2 boxes). A copy of this authorisation must be given to us. As a general rule, if an adoption took place less than 25 years ago, you should contact the court to confirm where the records are held. Autograph books and visitors books (2 boxes). . The Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR) had called on the Government to issue an apology to women who had their babies taken from them for adoption between 1949 and . In addition to preaching Booth became involved in providing food and shelter for the poor and in the rehabilitation of alcoholics. Find out about call . Please call +64 4 382 0710 to speak with a case worker or email bethanyrecords@salvationarmy.org.nz . Miscellaneous printed and other papers, including copies of nine letters from Catherine Booth to Queen Victoria concerning the Parliamentary Bill for the protection of girls (1 box). 824 McMillan Avenue. With 650 churches and community centres, we offer practical help, friendship and support to some of the most disadvantaged people across the UK and Ireland. This breaks down to around 3,300 adoptions in England, 2,100 in Scotland, 550 in Wales and 400 in Northern Ireland. Unsorted South Pacific and East Asia (SPEA) and South Asia material (2 boxes). Corps records If you are starting from scratch, the best first step is to identify the agency that arranged the adoption. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. 275689 (England and Wales) and SC039337 (Scotland) The following services offer counselling and advice: Barnardo's Scottish Adoption. Salvationist Podcast: Helping Ukrainian Refugees in Romania A testimony from Debbie Clarke, who served on the front lines for two months. For example, we have provided written evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights Inquiry and to the Northern Ireland Inquiry. We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work. This information will help us make improvements to the website. Territorial Headquarters. VAT Children's History Books c1902-1927 (5 volumes). Belfast BT4. Many organisations, including The Salvation Army ran mother and baby homes with the intention of supporting and protecting vulnerable women and children from destitution. Poster from the Salvation Army, 1889 (MEPO 2/203) Salvation Army Social Wing GOOD NEWS FOR THE POOR of the EAST END NOW OPEN OLD BANK, GREEN STREET, BETHNAL GREEN, E., AS A CHEAP FOOD DEPOT AND MEN'S HOME ----- Comfortable BEDS (Spring Mattresses) 4d [pennies]. General Register Office If you are interested in obtaining information regarding The Salvation Army Maternity Home and Hospital Records , please email Lois.Sellars@usw.salvationarmy.org, or call our toll free number 1-800-698-7728, Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. to noon and 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. Pacific Time and ask for Booth records. PO Box 30037. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Appendix 1 - Journals and periodicals held at the Heritage Centre. Kristyna Mansfield won the Wisbech Community Hero and Judges Award. United Church of Canada 3250 Bloor Street West, Ste. Digital collections The Salvation Army Territorial Headquarters, 101 Newington Causeway, London, SE1 6BN . If you want to see your adoption papers please do not visit us without notice. Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Certificates, register offices, changes of name or gender, View a printable version of the whole guide, Order a birth, death, marriage or civil partnership certificate. Please call us at 1-800-728-7825 If you would like to make a monetary donation to assist The Salvation Army Adult Rehabilitation Centers, please Click here Your donated goods and monetary donations help meet immediate needs and ensure our ongoing no-fee rehabilitation programs. A lack of formal Government apology to unmarried mothers who faced "appalling treatment" in decades past, including unwanted adoptions, has been labelled "disappointing". All Salvation Army coordinated adoptions ceased in 1953 when the law was changed to state that all adoptions should be carried out by Local Authorities and other adoption agencies. But what happens when you come to what could seemingly be a dead end and find out that an ancestor was adopted? First published in the 1920s and updated in 1962, the Orders and Regulations stated: The ruling principle of The Salvation Army is that mother and child shall be encouraged to keep together unless there are exceptional circumstances which would clearly render this inadvisable.. NB Further records are held by the Salvation Army's Social Services Historian. Which application form you fill in depends on if you. Medical file reports from various countries 1990s (1 box). Date Posted: 1-4-2013. In 1890 it opened its first labour exchange to help people in finding work. Contact the Adoptions Section of the HM Passport Office. The Regional Pathway of Hope Coordinator will advance and sustain the integrated Christian ministry of The Salvation Army through its mission to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ and to meet human needs in His name without discrimination, by articulating, encouraging, and promoting the values of The Army as delivered through the POH approach. Papers relating to the International Leaders' Conferences 1979, 1984, 1988, 1991, 1995 (9 boxes). We use some essential cookies to make this website work. Its message is based on the Bible. Inland Revenue Survey Maps and Field Books, legal records of adoption (where they are held, the information they contain and how they can be accessed), Barnardo's Scottish Adoption Advice Service, Building 10000, Academy Park, Gower Street, Glasgow G51 1PR (telephone 0141 419 4796), Birthlink, 21 Castle Street, Edinburgh EH2 3DN (telephone 0131 225 6441), to the adopted person if he or she is over 16 years of age. Notebooks containing mainly printed articles by Daniel Daring and 'Mac' Rudolf MacGeorge c1900 (1 box). An entry in the Register will contain the adoptive details of a person but not details that relate back to the corresponding birth entry. There are currently processes underway to understand more about how women and their children were treated. Hi Paris, Contact The Salvation Army Western Territory, Booth Records Services at 1-800-698-7728. The original birth index entry is marked as adopted, however the only complete register of adoptees remains the Adopted Children's Registe,r which is subject to restricted access. Burnaby Home for Girls. Sermon notes and scrap books (5 boxes), addresses (2 boxes) and correspondence as General 1967-69 (1 box). UK Territory corps history books, membership rolls, registers and various corps minute books as listed on pp14-16 (43 boxes and 2 box files). Girls' Statements and Final Statements (Country) 1887-97 (6 volumes). Not long after The Salvation Army was formed, the first homes for women were established in London, England, under the leadership of Mrs. Bramwell Booth, the young daughter-in-law of the Founder, William Booth. To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. 7401 Sussex Avenue. Everyone adopted before 12 November 1975 will need to attend a counselling session with an approved adoption advisor first. Personal papers The Salvation Army say it is rare for such an enquiry to reveal a truly 'Salvation Army adoption', but will investigate all enquiries from both angles. Text relay: 18001 0300 123 1837. Box 2602. We welcome these formal inquiries. Find a Salvation Army donation centre near you Among the more than 220 Salvation Army charity shops, dotted around the country are twenty one donation centres. Welcome Guest! Press cuttings 1864-71 and copies of the East London Evangelist and Christian Mission Magazine (1 box). By 1887 rescue homes had made it to America. A list of the corps which have files is available. Researchers are charged 5.00 for half day and 10.00 for full day use of the Centre. Sermon notes and photograph albums (3 boxes). The register contains details of all adoptions legally authorised by a court in England and Wales and is held by the General Register Office rather than by Local Register Offices. Unsorted correspondence relating to Salvation Army history volumes (1 box). Salvation Army International Heritage Centre The William Booth College Denmark Hill London SE5 8BQ England Tel: 0207 7326 7800 Fax: 0207 737 4127 Email: heritage@salvationarmy.org.uk Website: http://www1.salvationarmy.org.uk/heritage Open : Tu-F 9.30-4 Chowns in Buckinghamshire Broad, Eplett & Pope in St Ervan/St Columb Major, Cornwall The Salvation Army Western Territory established its first home in 1887 in Oakland, California. East London Christian Mission Shoreditch Meeting minutes 1868-74 (1 volume). The The Salvation Army Archives and Research Center is a 10,000 square foot facility in Alexandria, Virginia that holds records, periodicals, and photographs documenting the history of the Salvation Army in the United States. You have accepted additional cookies. 1865-2013: records rel to general administration, work in United Kingdom and overseas, social service, and personal papers of leading Salvationists. Letters from William Booth to William Stephenson Crow 1871-1881 (93 letters); letters from Booth to William Ridsdel 1881-1894 (6 letters); copies of letters from Booth to CT Studd (4 letters); letters from William and Catherine Booth to Mr Frank and Mrs Crossley 1885-1899 (13 letters); copy out-letters, including letters to Elijah Cadman from William Booth, Bramwell Booth and George Scott Railton 1876-1913 (97 items) (1 box). A series of subject files (arranged alphabetically) by the name of country/territory of material relating to the Salvation Army's overseas work. 303-295-2107 Visit Website. [shillings]. When the Christian Mission became the Salvation Army in 1878, it was organised in a quasi-military fashion, with Booth becoming the General and ministers being given officer ranks. Certain UK corps were first established as Christian Mission stations. Adoption Cradle - held by: Family and Child Services of Calhoun County. Search for adoption records in the Birth, Baptism & Christening index If you know the birth name and birthdate of the adopted child, start the search there. If you are interested in obtaining information regarding TheSalvation Army Maternity Home and Hospital Records,please emailLois.Sellars@usw.salvationarmy.org, or call our toll free number 1-800-698-7728, Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. to noon and 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. Pacific Time and ask for Booth records. As they were under no obligation to reveal any information whatsoever, some adoption processes contain minimal information and sometimes nothing. Information on the following records held by the GRO: The site also includes information on how to order a full or short adoption certificate. Evangeline Booth (1865-1950), General of the Salvation Army The archives hold material relating to corps, social service and other centres in the United Kingdom, members of the Salvation Army and the international work of the organisation. The Salvation Army continues to be engaged in evangelical, medical, educational and social work throughout the world. no. East London Christian Mission Committee minutes 1868-74 (1 volume). In 1979 the International Archives and Research Centre was established and in 1988 the Centre and an exhibition of memorabilia were brought together to form the International Heritage Centre. People examining their adoption process should be prepared both for this and for the possibility that the papers may reveal other distressing information. At that time we were one of a number of churches, charities and social agencies working in partnership with social services and health services. They are places where families and single people can access support with their housing issues - but also find person centred support to develop all aspects of. Salvation Army Door of Hope,Jersey City,NJ After talking to my adoption agency again today. (1 box). . privacy policy, Christian denominations > Other denominations, GB/NNAF/C2112 (Former ISAAR ref: GB/NNAF/O36466 ). All of these court records will eventually transfer to the National Records of Scotland and become available in our adoptions unit. Salvation Army integrated mission workshop reports (1 box). Mothers were referred to an adoption agency of their choice and worked with these agencies independently of Booth Maternity Home. PR8 2HH. You can also contact us on Facebook. It is important to give a voice to those who lived in our homes and for us to assist the work of the Inquiries in order to help mothers who had their children adopted and also their adopted children. Annual reports from the following countries/territories: Belgium 1974-88, Denmark 1977-88, Finland 1981-88, France 1978-88, Germany 1980-88, Italy 1979-88, Netherlands 1975-87, Norway 1979-88, Portugal 1974-86, Spain 1982-86, Sweden 1975-87, Switzerland 1976-88, Brazil 1970-88, Caribbean and Central America Territory 1972-88, Mexico and Central America Territory 1986-88, South America East Territory 1970-88, South America West Territory 1970-89, Canada and USA c1980s (4 boxes). Metro Denver Social Services: Denver Harbor Light Center. Material relating to Brockworth Society, Gloucester (3 boxes). Obtain records from Booth Memorial, White Shield, and Door of Hope Hospital and Maternity Homes. . THE SERVICES WE OFFER VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES The National Adoption Society (1916-1931) has undergone a number of name changes over the decades, eventually becoming known as Childlink, which in 2010 joined forces with Parents And Children Together. Today, The Salvation Army in Malaysia has a comprehensive network of social services to meet a wide range of needs in our community. The homes sheltered vulnerable women and provided training to help them find work. Papers relating to the International Literary Council 1992 onwards (1 box). The short version makes no mention of an adoption or the parents. Miscellaneous material Files cover the following areas; Africa, Americas and Caribbean, Europe, South Asia, South Pacific and East Asia and for individual territories as listed alphabetically on South London Division corps statistics 1906-1922 (1 volume). However, he soon discovered that many of his followers were not attending any church and to rectify this he formed the East London Christian Mission. The Salvation Army has come forward with a new initiative which delves deep in the topic of racism and the Church, as per the charity's recently-published 'Let's Talk About Racism' document. Some of these still survive in our Archives. IHQ minutes and memoranda c1965-76 (1 box) and other miscellaneous correspondence (2 boxes). Correspondence and papers c1881-early 20th century (23 boxes). Manuscript and list of sources for Richard Hugheson Collier's The General next to God. Commissioner Lisbeth Welander - Territorial President of Women's Ministries. This is a full-time position that works 40 hours per a week, currently scheduled Monday to Friday, flexible to meet program needs. How the database can help you locate adoption records, When to start your search for adoption information, Adopted people's rights to access birth and adoption information, How to search for birth and adoption information, Receiving information from adoption records, Intermediary services for descendants and other relatives of adopted people with a prescribed relationship, Salvation Army International Heritage Centre. An appointment must be made in advance to visit the Salvation Army International Heritage Centre. Papers relating to Campfield Press, St Albans, including Finance Committee minutes 1896-1909, 1936-47 and miscellaneous correspondence (2 boxes). The Salvation Army is a Christian Church and charity. The following year a women's rescue home was opened in London. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. Booth, an ordained minister with the Methodist New Connection, had never intended to establish another Christian church. Papers relating to the International Strategy for Growth Conference 1989, Health and Healing Conferences 1989, 1994 (1 box). However, 40,000+ unmarried women gave birth in various Salvation Army homes and hospitals in the century starting c.1884. Search Birth, Baptism & Christening (or from any page on Ancestry, choose the Search tab > Birth, Marriage & Death, including Parish > Birth, Baptism & Christening on the right.) The Salvation Army was founded in London in 1865 by the Revd William Booth. Administrative Assistant II The Salvation Army, an internationally recognized non-profit, faith-based organization, has an opening for an Administrative Assistant II for the Divisional Business Secretary at our Divisional Headquarters in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It's available to download here. All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated. You need to fill in an application for Birth certificate Information Before Adoption ( BIBA) service if you don't know your birth details. Telephone: 0300 123 1837. Minutes, reports, accounts, correspondence and miscellaneous papers relating to the Assurance Society c1908-71 (6 boxes). Salvation Army Social Service records The adoption record does not include the names of the child's birth parents, but it will tell you the date of the adoption, the court which made the adoption order and the names, addresses and occupations of the adoptive parents. The formation of the Salvation Army archives began in the early 1970s as a personal interest of Lt-Colonel Cyril Barnes, a full time Salvation Army officer. Papers relating to South Asia Zonal Conferences 1955-87 and Africa Zonal Conferences 1965-87 (1 box). Copies of adoption records are delivered by post and cost 14 each. Between 1945 and 1980, 20 of these homes were operational across the UK with the last, based in East London, closing in 1980. Catherine Booth (1829-1890), wife of William Booth Officer career cards (2 boxes and 12 ring folders). Most files contain printed material, including newspaper cuttings, programmes of events, articles etc (29 boxes). However, we acknowledge that there are some who found their experiences in these homes extremely traumatic and they did not always receive the support they needed and deserved, for which we are deeply sorry. For advice about tracing your original birth record or a child that you have given up for adoption please see also our Adoption page in the Registration area of this website. The summary includes a brief description of the collection(s) (usually including the covering dates of the collection), By the mid-70s Booth Hospitals in the Western Territory had either closed or revamped their services to meet the needs of a new generation. William Bramwell Booth (1856-1929) Tel 0207 367 4500 . "Sadly, at the time there were extreme social pressures on young women and their families to give a child up for adoption or fostering. First known as the East London Christian Mission (later the Christian Mission) it changed its name to the Salvation Army in 1878. British Association for Adoption and Fostering is a registered charity no. Territorial Commanders' annual reports to the Chief of Staff 1990-91 (2 boxes). searching for and making contact with relatives role that intermediary services can play British Territory/Scotland/Wales/Ireland/Channel Islands files (5 boxes). Copyright The Salvation Army 2023 The Salvation Army is a Christian church and registered charity in England (214779), Wales (214779), Scotland (SC009359) and the Republic of Ireland (CHY6399), The Salvation Army Territorial Headquarters, 101 Newington Causeway, London, SE1 6BN, the Joint Committee on Human Rights Inquiry, Historical Institutional Abuse Redress Board. The Centre comprises a reference library, archives, a photographic library and museum. General's and Chief of the Staff's briefs for visits (3 boxes). It soon spread from Britain to many parts of the world and now operates in more than 100 countries. A series of subject files containing material about, and in some instances papers of, notable individuals associated with the Salvation Army. Full discography of 7" vinyl records by The Salvation Army released in UK on 45cat. You can change your cookie settings at any time. IHQ correspondence relating to officers arranged alphabetically by name 20th century (28 boxes). Paris Blodgett Baby Girl Born May 23, 1968 Mothers maiden name possible Warren or Darden @ Oakland, CA Memorial Booth Center Hospital for unwed mothers. Support struggling people at this time of desperate need. were born in Salvation Army Homes across the UK between 1945 and 1980. The Salvation Armys leader in the UK and Ireland, Territorial Commander Commissioner Anthony Cotterill, said: We are deeply saddened to hear of the traumatic experiences that some people endured in the care of The Salvation Army many decades ago. Girls' Statements and Final Statements (London) 1889-97 (9 volumes). Discover more about what we do and take an in-depth look at some of our collections, Copyright The Salvation Army 2023 The Salvation Army is a Christian church and registered charity in England (214779), Wales (214779), Scotland (SC009359) and the Republic of Ireland (CHY6399), The Salvation Army Territorial Headquarters, 101 Newington Causeway, London, SE1 6BN. The adoption certificate isa certified copy of an entry in the Adopted Children Register and replaces the original birth certificate for the adoptee. Salvation Army Agency Adoptee Search Results, Adoption Records, Search. At the time the centre of the flag was a yellow sun representing the Light of Life. Our mission is based on our faith in Jesus Christ who wants everyone to experience life in all its fullness. The hub provides affordable second hand uniform to any families that are struggling with high costs. Records of adoptions in sheriff courts are generally kept in the local courthouse for up to 25 years after the process closed. Colonel Paul Waters - Chief Secretary. India report 1955 and memoranda on India 1940 (1 box). 720-305-4641 Visit Website. The log of the Brighouse Life Saving Guards, containing mainly notes, photographs and press cuttings (1 volume). Independent, not-for-profit adoption agency finding families who are able to offer a permanent home for children in need of adoption across south London, Surrey, East and West Sussex, Berkshire, Kent and Hampshire. Directions. adoptions@gro.gov.uk. The Salvation Army, an international movement, is an evangelical part of the universal Christian Church. Your donation will support the current ongoing response and the longer term recovery of those impacted. The Salvation Army receives donations and legacies from the public of more than 100m a year and owns more than 1,700 residential properties, the majority of which are used by its own officers.. Our page is monitored 9am-5pm AEST Monday to Friday (except public holidays). United Kingdom Territory records Return the forms to us along with other required documentation as outlined in the Overview document. Booth-Clibborn family Material relating to International Congresses (5 boxes). It is right to expect The Salvation Army to be open and transparent and for us to reflect on a time in our history when it is clear that some individuals in our care were let down. Material from the Editorial Department relating to Salvation Army officers, mainly used for obituaries in the War Cry and Salvationist (16 boxes). South East London Divisional cash book 1906-08, 1908-09 (2 volumes). Disposition of forces directories (DISPOS) c1883-1995 (5 boxes). Resident mothers would have helped towards the running of the home and contributed to cooking and cleaning. IHQ Secretary's Department, miscellaneous material (2 boxes). 303-863-2191 Visit Website. Diagrama Foundation. A fourth series, UK Corps, is a sub-set of the UK Territory files. We are extremely grateful to those who have shared their testimonies about their experiences. According to our records, between 1945 and 1980 approximately around 20,400 babies were born in Salvation Army homes across the UK. Papers relating to South Pacific Zonal Conferences 1976-87, The Americas 1973-94 and USA Commissioners Conferences 1952-96 (1 box). We can only see visitors who have made a prior appointment. Captain Thomas Coram established the first Foundling Hospital by Royal Charter in 1741, funded by subscription. Room C202 January 11, 2015 Vi VictoriaOlsen Salvation Army Door of Hope,Jersey City,NJ General Eva Burrows' briefs for visits, arranged alphabetically by county/territory (3 boxes). Salvation Army Nurses' Fellowship album, containing photographs and letters (1 volume). Salvation Army International Heritage Centre, About our With the exception of a court order, there are no circumstances in which we will provide copies to anyone else. Complete Londons iconic 100 mile race and fundraise for a Salvation Army project of your choice. Papers relating to the Commissioners' Conferences 1930, 1944, 1946, 1949, 1954, 1958, 1965, 1969, 1971, 1975 (4 boxes). Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. Books and pamphlets by William Booth (1 box). Larger in size than our typical charity shops, these stores are designed to receive donations of household items such as furniture and homeware, alongside the kind of clothing, books and . The vast majority of adoptions from the Homes were carried out by a range of Local Authorities and adoption agencies, with a small number carried out by The Salvation Army. IHQ Overseas Department correspondence with various territories 20th century We provided the residential unit for mothers and babies but the adoptions were usually arranged by other organisations with The Salvation Army liaising between them and the mother. **Please be certain to include your name, mailing address and the type of application you need (i.e., adoptee, birth parent or biological sibling). The rise in the cost of living is a major blow for people in poverty and for deprived communities in desperate need of levelling up. GB 638 3492 15, Copyright 2023 Warners Group Publications Plc, If you're interested in finding out more about adoption records, you can read our in-depth guide in the August 2019 issue of Family Tree. They are closed to general public access for 100 years. Winnipeg, Manitoba. Last Updated: 2-16-2017 & 1-4-2013. The Salvation Army has functioned with this structure for more than a century. Correspondence relating to and manuscripts of Richard Williams' Missing: a study of the world-wide missing persons enigma and Salvation Army response, Hodder & Stoughton, 1969 (2 boxes). It is a register of persons adopted under orders made by the Scottish courts. The Registrar General for Scotland has maintained the Adopted Children Register since 1930. In the years before 1953, the adoption of around 180 of these babies was arranged by The Salvation Army. By law, our staff cannot inspect a process on behalf of an adopted person, to a representative of one of the organisations that deal with adoptions in Scotland, or to an authorised social worker on the authority, in writing, of the adopted person. Correspondence 1892-1948 (1 box). We may also be able to assist you in your search for your birth parent. Subscribe now for regular news, updates and priority booking for events, All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated. Since 1938, we have been serving the underprivileged community in Malaysia without discrimination. Sweden Territory correspondence relating to Belgium 1940-44, Czechoslovakia 1939-45, Denmark 1939-45, France 1940-44, Finland 1940-45, Germany 1939-42 , Hungary 1939-45, Holland 1940-45, Norway 1940-45 and Brigadier E Wickberg, Territory Commander correspondence 1942-45 (7 boxes). We provided the residential unit for mothers and babies but the adoptions were usually arranged by other organisations with The Salvation Army liaising between them and the mother. Date Received: 1-2-2013. Papers relating to Generals' tours 1950-70s (1 box). It should be understood that The Salvation Army never served as an adoption agency. 1885 saw the age of consent in the UK raised following a campaign by the Army. Papers relating to various global disasters in which the Salvation Army has provided assistance, arranged alphabetically by country (2 boxes). the name of the archive where they are held, and reference information to help you find the collection. - The Salvation Army You may have outgrown your favourite winter items but we'll find someone they fit. Salvation Army Contact: Major Kevin Pooley, Social Historian Address: International Heritage Centre William Booth College Champion Park London Greater London SE5 8BQ Telephone: (020) 7326 7800 Email and Web: heritage@salvationarmy.org.uk Salvation Army Website Status: Open Acted as Adoption Agency: Yes Notes:

Cook County Correctional Officer Starting Salary, Diplo Mushroom Jibbitz, Lavinia Lascelles Obituary, Why Is It Called Half Tribe Of Manasseh, Scott Mclaughlin Salary Indycar, Articles S