Eckener concluded that the puncture hypothesis, due to pilot error, was the most likely explanation for the disaster. The room was lined with asbestos, and equipped with an anti-chamber airlock that prevented any flames from reaching the remainder of the ship. Actually, "explosion" is an inaccurate word to describe it, as we were told by our tour guide at … The Hindenburg had departed Frankfurt, Germany, three days earlier on its 63rd flight and was attempting to land on the first of its scheduled trans-Atlantic stops. The day before the disaster, a fuel pump had broken during the flight, but the chief engineer testified that the pump had been replaced. In 1936 an even larger airship—the Hindenburg—began transatlantic service. Spehl's interest in amateur photography, making him familiar with flashbulbs that could have served as an igniter. You can see how Hindenburg families moved over time by selecting different census years. Some speculate the sound was from a bracing wire snapping.[31]. Construction of the Hindenburg ", "Secrets of the Dead: PBS television documentary on the Hindenburg disaster. Proponents of both the incendiary paint hypothesis and the hydrogen hypothesis agree that the fabric coatings were probably responsible for the rapid spread of the fire. Afterwards, Dr. Eckener ordered section chiefs to inspect the airship during flight. [54] Although that damage was repaired, the force of the impact may have caused internal damage. Newsreels, as well as the map of the landing approach, show the Hindenburg made several sharp turns, first towards port and then starboard, just before the accident. Albert Holderried, mechanic; Alfred Stockle, engine mechanic; Alois Reisacher, mechanic; Emilie Imohof, hostess; Ernst Huchel, senior elevatorman; Ernst Schlapp, electrician; Franz Eichelmann, radio operator; Fritz Flackus, cook's assistant; Alfred Hitchcok, chief mechanic; Ludwig Knorr, chief rigger; Max Schulze, bar steward; Richard Muller, assistant chef; Robert Moser, mechanic; Rudi Bialas, engine mechanic; Wilhelm Dimmler, engineering officer; Willi Scheef, mechanic. The problem with that plan began to surface immediately. I can imagine that one of these shear wires parted and caused a rent in a gas cell. Officers had their own mess hall, allowing for unbelievable views of the earth passing below. [49] Additionally, Dieckmann concluded that it was the poor conductivity, not the flammability of the doping compound, that led to the ignition of hydrogen. For example, the propellant for the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster included both "aluminum (fuel, 16%), (and) iron oxide (a catalyst, 0.4%)". The story of Operation Alberich – Germany’s retreat into the Hindenburg Line – occupies a relatively minor place in histories of the First World War. The astounding success of the Graf Zeppelin had proved the viability of long range passenger transportation by airship, and by the late 1920’s, Hugo Eckener and the Zeppelin Company were enthusiastic about building a fleet of ships specifically designed for intercontinental passenger transportation.The ship originally planned for this role was LZ-128, which it would have been 761 feet long and lifted by 5,307,000 cubic feet of hydr… Additionally, some of the bracing wires may have even been substandard. Sound engineer Addison Trice. A comfortable and roomy lounge was available for passengers to enjoy — graced by a large wall mural that traced the path of famous explorers. Fielding, Raymond "The American Newsreel: A Complete History, 1911–1967, 2d ed." It built three monstrous rigid craft: the LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin, LZ-l30 Graf Zeppelin II, and of course, the LZ-l29 Hindenburg. Aboard the ship were 36 passengers and a crew of 61. Lakehurst, New Jersey. The Hindenburg made many trips across the Atlantic. On May 3, 1937, the Hindenburg set sail from the Zeppelin's new terminal in Frankfurt, Germany; her target destination was Lakehurst Naval Air Station. Guests were required to turn in all lighters and matches to a holding facility before boarding the ship. Still a mystery That means it was not an explosive mixture of hydrogen, but more of a pure hydrogen. Movietone's coverage of the Hindenburg disaster - filmed by Al Gold, Larry Kennedy and Deon De Titta. Additionally, while investigators in the documentary suggest it is possible for a fire in the keel to go unnoticed until it breaks the top section, other investigators such as Greg Feith consider it unlikely because the only point diesel comes into contact with a hot surface is the engines. When the various restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles on Germany were lifted, Germany was again allowed to construct airships. The Hindenburg dumps water to ensure a smoother landing in Lakehurst, New Jersey, on May 9, 1936. For safety purposes, an alternate control area was positioned in the interior of the lower vertical fin. ", "Last survivor of the Hindenburg disaster dies at age 90", "The Hindenburg 75 years later: Memories time cannot erase. That generates extremely high tension in the after part of the ship, and especially in the center sections close to the stabilizing fins which are braced by shear wires. During peacetime, the US is open to most countries. In 1931 the airship began regularly scheduled commercial service, making nonstop flights between Germany and South America. German engineers also constructed a radio room above the control car. Unlike other rigid airships that Zeppelin created, the Hindenburg would carry all passengers inside her hull control car, instead of from a protruding gondola section. The airship did not receive much in the way of routine inspections even though there was evidence of at least some damage on previous flights. The MythBusters concluded that the paint may have contributed to the disaster, but that it was not the sole reason for such rapid combustion.[53]. Airships.net has a page which documents the flights of the Hindenburg. That is, it will burn if placed within a fire but is not readily ignited. Thirty-six lost their lives: 22 crewmen, 13 passengers and one civilian member of the ground crew. Shortly after the disaster, some Germans even cried sabotage, suspecting intentional wrongdoing to besmirch the Nazi regime's reputation. Rochester political scientist Hein Goemans answers the question why Germany was willing to risk American entry into the war. The incendiary paint theory (IPT) was proposed in 1996 by retired NASA scientist Addison Bain, stating that the doping compound of the airship was the cause of the fire, and that the Hindenburg would have burned even if it were filled with helium. In just 32 seconds, the great Hindenburg was reduced to a fiery pile of rubble […] After serving with distinction in battle, he joined the prestigious German General Staff. Luxury aboard the Hindenburg The largest flying man-made craft. Most witnesses on the ground reported seeing flames at the top of the ship, but the only location where a fuel leak could have a potential ignition source is the engines. This was about 75% of all the recorded Hindenburg's in the USA. Passenger cabins were small, only 78 x 66 inches; however, most of the passengers' time was utilized elsewhere in the airship. First, it implies that the crewmen in the lower fin had seen the fire start in the keel and that Hans Freund and Helmut Lau looked towards the front of the airship to see the fire, when Freund was actually looking rearward when the fire started. Almost 100 people were loaded onto a balloon filled with the most flammable element in the universe. The interior furnishings of the Hindenburg were designed by Fritz August Breuhaus, whose design experience included Pullman coaches, ocean liners, and warships of the German Navy. In several television shows, Bain attempted to prove the flammability of the fabric by igniting it with a Jacob's Ladder. Zeppelin flew the world's first non-tethered rigid airship, the LZ-1, on July 2, 1900, near Lake Constance in Germany, carrying five passengers. Why was the Hindenburg in America? This 804-foot dirigible filled with over 7 million cubic feet of hydrogen was a crowning achievement of its age. In response to this criticism, the IPT therefore postulates that a spark would need to be parallel to the surface, and that "panel-to-panel arcing" occurs where the spark moves between panels of paint isolated from each other. We view the Hindenburg as the epitome of a totally man-made, totally avoidable disaster. The MythBusters team also discovered that the Hindenburg's coated skin had a higher ignition temperature than that of untreated material, and that it would initially burn slowly, but that after some time the fire would begin to accelerate considerably with some indication of a thermite reaction. Occasionally the Hindenburg's varnish is incorrectly identified as, or stated being similar to, cellulose nitrate which, like most nitrates, burns very readily. [46] Iron oxide and aluminum can be used as components of solid rocket fuel or thermite. Each Mercedes Benz engine was capable of 1,300 horse power at take-off; subsiding to about 850 horse power for cruising speeds. [31] A punctured cell would have freed hydrogen into the air and could have been ignited by a static discharge (see above), or it is also possible that the broken bracing wire struck a girder, causing sparks to ignite hydrogen. Relevance. ", "Faces of the Hindenburg Captain Max Pruss", "Zeppelin plot a possibility, Eckener says. The Hindenburg* (LZ-129) was a historic marvel of avionic engineering, built for German passengers - to date, she was the largest aircraft ever to fly. [60] Hangar No. ", "Herb Morrison - Hindenburg Disaster, 1937", "Hindenburg Crash – Foo Chu's Amateur Photo Sequence", "Passengers aboard LZ 129 Hindenburg – May 3–6, 1937. That factor caused U.S. government officials to become wary of Adolph Hitler and his growing Third Reich because of prior rigid German aircraft used in bombing raids during World War I. At 7 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, a recommended immediate landing was released — by 7:21 p.m., the first mooring line was dropped. The exact cause of the disaster is still unknown. Ironically, the enormous airship had a smoking room — an oddity on an airborn explosion waiting to happen. Following in his father’s footsteps, he became an army officer. A contract between the navy and German companies was eventually signed on October 11th, 1935. The full recording is available at “Hindenburg Disaster: Herb Morrison Reporting,” Radio Days, www.otr.com/hindenburg.shtml (accessed May 21, 2014). The Hindenburg was supposed to be the first in a fleet of Zeppelin owned airships, designed for commercial air travel across the Atlantic to America. Those realities stimulated the Zeppelin Company's intuitive idea of a rigid airship. Get your answers by asking now. A nearby reading and writing room was a quiet place for travelers to relax and write letters on custom Hindenburg stationery. Not that the Hindenburg … [28] Instead, the cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) used to seal the zeppelin's skin is rated by the plastics industry as combustible but nonflammable. One or two more dramatic versions of his escape have appeared over the years, neither of which are supported by the newsreels of the crash, one of which shows a fairly close view of the portside passenger windows as passengers and stewards begin to drop through them. With hundreds of passengers and thousands of travel miles to Europe, and North and South America, the Hindenburg 's fate would be tragically sealed by disaster in the sky. Sixteen gas cells where positioned throughout the length of the gigantic ship. Two additional scientific papers also strongly reject the fabric hypothesis. That theory has recently been proclaimed unlikely by numerous researchers, because the Hindenburg's fabric varnish had a much lower flash point than that of the explosive hydrogen inside. In 1920 there were 6 Hindenburg families living in Illinois. Newsreel footage clearly shows that the fire was burning inside the structure.[31]. AP Seventy-six years ago, on May 6, 1937, Nazi Germany's prized LZ-129 Hindenburg airship crashed and burned in Lakehurst, New Jersey, creating this iconic photo. Germany's prize commercial jewel was lost in tragedy, never to be recovered. In fact, the smoking room had only one community electric lighter (anchored by a cord) for the entire ship. The most conclusive[clarification needed] proof against the fabric hypothesis is in the photographs of the actual accident as well as the many airships which were not doped with aluminum powder and still exploded violently. It burns off slowly, particularly because it was in an enclosed space between outer cover and gas cells, and only in the moment when gas cells are burned by the burning off of this gas, then the gas escapes in greater volume, and then the explosions can occur, which have been reported to us at a later stage of the accident by so many witnesses. Not all fabric on the Hindenburg burned. But after seeing the fearful carnage wrought by the Hindenburg’s fiery end — a sight that shocked the world — the public wasn’t able to fully recover its trust and interest in airships. He had observed hot-air balloons in the United States during the Civil War, according to Airships.net. Eckener noted that a smaller storm front followed the thunderstorm front, creating conditions suitable for static sparks. At the time on a lecture tour in Austria, he was awakened … During the 1930s, a relatively primitive period in world aviation, airplanes could fly only short distances and required constant refueling. Paul von Hindenburg was born to an aristocratic Prussian family in 1847. NASA research suggested that the highly combustible varnish treatment on the outside fabric most likely caused the tragedy. Germany sank many American merchant ships around the British Isles which prompted the American entry into the war. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, a German military officer, developed the first rigid-framed airships in the late 1800s. Naval Air Station Lakehurst was North America's first international airport. "The real reason why we still talk about [the] Hindenburg is that it was caught on film and that in 1937 was something really remarkable. Delayed by unrelenting head winds, the Hindenburg did not reach the Lakehurst area until late afternoon on the sixth of May at Naval Air Station Lakehurst — a day behind the schedule of previously successful flights. Why “Hindenburg”? Under these conditions, naturally, the gas accumulated between the gas cells and the outer cover must have been a very rich gas. Basically, German operators would be granted the use of the facilities at their own risk. Never before or since has a larger aircraft taken flight. Favorite Answer. At the height of the company's success, Zeppelin would become responsible for a tragic event that would take place near the Naval Air Station at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. While fires generally tend to burn upward, especially including hydrogen fires, the enormous radiant heat from the blaze would have quickly spread fire over the entire surface of the airship, thus apparently explaining the downward propagation of the flames. Erich Knocher, Irene Doehner, and Otto Ernst. He built his first airship, LZ-1, in 1899. 1 Answer. In initial reports, before inspecting the accident, Eckener mentioned the possibility of a shot as the cause of the disaster, because of threatening letters that had been received, but did not rule out other causes. The rest it is not necessary for me to explain, and in conclusion, I would like to state this appears to me to be a possible explanation, based on weighing all of the testimony that I have heard so far. Answer Save. Many others simply accepted the obvious — highly flammable hydrogen. The TV show MythBusters explored the incendiary paint hypothesis. Their findings indicated that the aluminum and iron oxide ratios in the Hindenburg's skin, while certainly flammable, were not enough on their own to destroy the zeppelin. The fire's origin was near the catwalk running through Gas Cell 4, which was an area of the ship generally off-limits to anyone other than Spehl and his fellow riggers. When a single gas cell explodes, it creates a shock wave and heat. Bodies could be seen falling to the sandy field from her burning canvas body. [50] However, Otto Beyersdorff, an independent investigator hired by the Zeppelin Company, asserted that the outer skin itself was flammable. However, the explosion of the Hindenburg changed the landscape for lighter-than-air crafts forever. The combustion of hydrogen is not usually visible to the human eye in daylight, because most of its radiation is not in the visible portion of the spectrum but rather ultraviolet. The Hindenburg marked the beginning and the end of transatlantic airships. [58] It is marked with a chain-outlined pad and bronze plaque where the airship's gondola landed. Thus what can be seen burning in the photographs cannot be hydrogen. Once the premier way to travel, the airships in the Hindenburg’s day were both more advanced and luxurious than airplanes. The control car was secured to the underside of the Hindenburg's body, which broke up the streamline effect of the remainder of the airship, and comprised three main compartments: control room/bridge, navigation room and observation area. The loss of gas must have been appreciable. Only six days before the disaster, it was planned to make the Hindenburg have a hook on her hull to carry aircraft, similar to the US Navy's use of the USS Akron and the USS Macon airships. The German company, Luftschiffbau Zeppelin, owned by Count Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin, was the world's most successful builder of rigid, lighter-than-air airships. Following a meeting with President Theodore Roosevelt and the Zeppelin Company, the U.S. Congress passed The Helium Control Act, which denied the Zeppelin Company U.S. helium for their new ship. ", Hindenburg Crash, June 5, 1937 (Disc 2) (1937), Universal Newsreel Special Release – Zeppelin Explodes Scores Dead, 1937/05/10 (1937), YouTube video: Universal Newsreel – May 10, 1937 Special report on the, YouTube video of Herb Morrison's famous report synchronized with newsreel footage, Rocket Fuel, Thermite, and Hydrogen: Myths about the, "An Article Supporting the Flammable Fabric Hypothesis", Two Articles Rejecting the Flammable Fabric Hypothesis, "An article supporting the engine exhaust spark hypothesis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindenburg_disaster&oldid=1015939891, Accidents and incidents involving balloons and airships, Airliner accidents and incidents involving in-flight explosions, Aviation accidents and incidents in New Jersey, Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1937, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2021, Pages incorrectly using the quote template, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Articles needing additional references from April 2009, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013, Articles needing additional references from March 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Caught fire during landing; cause undetermined. 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