Carson wrote of the content as "a gold mine of information" and says, "I feel guilty about the mass of your material I have here"[47] and makes multiple references to Pfeiffer and to his correspondence. "[76] Reactions from the estimated audience of ten to fifteen million were overwhelmingly positive, and the program spurred a congressional review of pesticide dangers and the public release of a pesticide report by the President's Science Advisory Committee. In mid-1945, Carson first encountered the subject of DDT, a revolutionary new pesticide—lauded as the "insect bomb" after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki—that was only beginning to undergo tests for safety and ecological effects. Biography of Rachel Louise Carson Born: May 27, 1907 in Springdale, Pennsylvania Died: April 14, 1964 in Silver Spring, Maryland Books: Under the Sea-Wind (1941), The Sea Around Us (1951), The Edge of the Sea (1955), Silent Spring (1962), and The Sense of Wonder (posthumous, 1965) Her health was steadily declining as her cancer outpaced the radiation therapy, with only brief periods of remission. Carson was one of those children who kept to herself and explored on her own. [44] Carson began the four-year project of what would become Silent Spring by gathering examples of environmental damage attributed to DDT. It contained thirteen essays by environmental writers and scientists. [8] Others, such as Yaakov Garb, suggest that in addition to not being a women's rights activist, Carson also had no anti-capitalist agenda and that such attacks were unwarranted. Much of the agency's early work, such as enforcing the 1972 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, was directly related to Carson's work. Carson first alerted the world about the environmental impact … Rachel was born on May 27, 1907, on a small family farm just next to Springdale, Pennsylvania, near the Allegheny River. She attended the Pennsylvania College for Women (now Chatham University), graduating magna cum laude in 1929. [90], In the 1980s, the policies of the Reagan Administration emphasized economic growth, rolling back many of the environmental policies adopted in response to Carson and her work. White and a number of journalists and scientists. [21], In regard to the extent of their relationship, commentators have said that: "the expression of their love was limited almost wholly to letters and very occasional farewell kisses or holding of hands". Testifying before Rachel Carson, writer, scientist, and ecologist, grew up simply in the rural river [78][79], In one of her last public appearances, Carson testified before President John F. Kennedy's Science Advisory Committee. [8] Additionally, the way photos of Carson were used to portray her are often questioned because of few representations of her engaging in work typical of a scientist, but instead, of her leisure activities. "[8] Ecofeminist scholars argue that not only was the dissenting rhetoric gendered to paint Carson as hysterical, but was done because her arguments challenged the capitalist production of large agri-business corporations. "[87] Carson's work, and the activism it inspired, are at least partly responsible for the deep ecology movement, and the overall strength of the grassroots environmental movement since the 1960s. and received her MA in zoology from Johns Hopkins University in 1932. Perhaps most significantly, on June 9, 1980, Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States. Her condition worsened, and in February, doctors found that she had severe anemia from her radiation treatments and in March they discovered that the cancer had reached her liver. 5. [30], Early in 1953, Carson began library and field research on the ecology and organisms of the Atlantic shore. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary also operates a mooring buoy maintenance vessel named the Rachel Carson. This sea trilogy explores the whole of ocean life from the shores to the depths. "[51], Research at the Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health brought Carson into contact with medical researchers investigating the gamut of cancer-causing chemicals. This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on February 22, 2008. Though her doctor described the procedure as precautionary and recommended no further treatment, by December Carson discovered that the tumor was malignant and the cancer had metastasized. "[74], Many critics repeatedly asserted that she was calling for the elimination of all pesticides. [85], In 1965, Rodell arranged for the publication of an essay Carson had intended to expand into a book: The Sense of Wonder. Early Life. [104], Two research vessels have sailed in the United States bearing the name R/V Rachel Carson. According to environmental engineer and Carson scholar H. Patricia Hynes, "Silent Spring altered the balance of power in the world. She was a writer, known for The Sea Around Us (1953), Omnibus (1952) and Sensu obu wandâ: Reicheru Kâson no okurimono (2001). The Rachel Carson Room is close to the EPA Administrator's office and has been the site of numerous important announcements, including the Clean Air Interstate Rule. Using her research and consultations with marine biologists as starting points, she also wrote a steady stream of articles for The Baltimore Sun and other newspapers. Early Life. They compiled their evidence and shared it with Carson, who used it, their extensive contacts, and the trial transcripts as a primary input for Silent Spring. [65], The academic community, including prominent defenders such as H. J. Muller, Loren Eiseley, Clarence Cottam, and Frank Egler, by and large backed the book's scientific claims; public opinion soon turned Carson's way as well. Rachel Carson was born in a small rural Pennsylvania community near the Allegheny River, where she spent a great deal of time exploring the forests and streams around her 65-acre farm. In 1952 she published her [39][40] In 2012 Silent Spring was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society for its role in the development of the modern environmental movement. [17] She was very unhappy with the final version of the script by writer, director and producer Irwin Allen; she found it untrue to the atmosphere of the book and scientifically embarrassing, describing it as "a cross between a believe-it-or-not and a breezy travelogue. The world has heard much of the triumphant war against disease through the control of insect vectors of infection, but it has heard little of the other side of the story—the defeats, the short-lived triumphs that now strongly support the alarming view that the insect enemy has been made actually stronger by our efforts. It marked a major turning point in Carson's writing career. Rachel Carson – American marine biologist, author, and conservationist. Carson attended the White House Conference on Conservation in May 1962; Houghton Mifflin distributed proof copies of Silent Spring to many of the delegates, and promoted the upcoming New Yorker serialization. Her mother bequeathed to her a life-long love [4] She spent a lot of time exploring around her family's 65-acre (26 ha) farm. She developed a love of nature from her mother, and Carson became a published writer for childrens magazines by age 10. New Haven, CT: Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Several years of writing resulted in Under the Sea Wind (1941), which received excellent reviews but sold poorly. It went on to win the 1953 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, but Carson was so embittered by the experience that she never again sold film rights to her work.[19]. "[114] The Society of Environmental Journalists gives an annual award and two honourable mentions for books on environmental issues in Carson's name, such as was awarded to Joe Roman's Listed: Dispatches from America's Endangered Species Act[115] in 2012.[116]. As a child, she spent her days exploring nature and writing. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Rachel Carson webquest print page. Carson attended Springdale's small school through tenth grade, then completed high school in nearby Parnassus, Pennsylvania, graduating in 1925 at the top of her class of forty-four students. [71] According to White-Stevens, "If man were to follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth. 'ewe') was a Biblical figure, the favorite of Jacob's two wives, and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, two of the twelve progenitors of the tribes of Israel.Rachel's father was Laban.Her older sister was Leah, Jacob's first wife; their mother was Adinah. Her aunt Rebecca was Jacob's mother. Biography; Rachel Carson Rachel Carson. She was the youngest of three children born to Robert Waden and Maria McClean Carson. The Life of Rachel Carson The American Marine Biologist, Rachel Carson, greatly impacted the world, both locally and globally. [53] Her research was also delayed by revision work for a new edition of The Sea Around Us and by a collaborative photo essay with Erich Hartmann. Carson resigned from government service in 1952 to devote herself to her writing. Rachel Carson's father, Robert Warden Carson, was a salesperson who was often unsuccessful. In addition to the thorough literature search, she had investigated hundreds of individual incidents of pesticide exposure and the human sickness and ecological damage that resulted. [86], Carson's work had a powerful impact on the environmental movement. Rachel L. Carson was born on May 27, 1907 in Springdale, Pennsylvania, USA. Rachel Carson Biography Rachel Louise Carson was born on 27 May 1907 in Springdale, a small village close to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Publishing house Simon & Schuster, impressed by Undersea, contacted Carson and suggested that she expand it into a book. II, Carson reluctantly changed her focus in order to warn the public about the long-term effects of misusing pesticides. The chemical industry campaign backfired, as the controversy greatly increased public awareness of potential pesticide dangers, as well as Silent Spring book sales. Carson's birthplace and childhood home in Springdale, Pennsylvania, now known as the Rachel Carson Homestead, became a National Register of Historic Places site and the nonprofit Rachel Carson Homestead Association was created in 1975 to manage it. The essay, which was combined with photographs by Charles Pratt and others, exhorts parents to help their children experience the "...lasting pleasures of contact with the natural world ... available to anyone who will place himself under the influence of earth, sea and sky and their amazing life. 3 (2013) doi:10.1177/2158244013494861. in the way humankind viewed the natural world. [81], Weakened from breast cancer and her treatment regimen, Carson became ill with a respiratory virus in January 1964. It appeared in The New Yorker in two condensed installments shortly before its October 26 book release by Houghton Mifflin (again a new publisher). She also made plans to buy and preserve from development an area in Maine she and Freeman called the "Lost Woods."[33]. [108] In 1969, the Coastal Maine National Wildlife Refuge became the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge; expansions will bring the size of the refuge to about 9,125 acres (3,693 ha). Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962). Her supervisor had deemed it too good for that purpose. Both Rachel's Sustainable Feast and the conference continue as annual events. I. "[86], In addition to the letters in Always Rachel, in 1998 a volume of Carson's previously unpublished work was published as Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson, edited by Linda Lear. Biologists. Her first stories were published in St. Nicholas Magazine; she enjoyed reading this magazine and other novels. Date of Death: April 14, 1964 (aged 56) Place of Death: Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. In early 1957, a family tragedy struck for a third time when one of her nieces she had cared for since the 1940s died at the age of 31, leaving her 5-year-old son, Roger Christie, an orphan. Her plan for the next book was to address evolution, but the publication of Julian Huxley's Evolution in Action—and her own difficulty in finding a clear and compelling approach to the topic—led her to abandon the project. [48][49], By 1959, the USDA's Agricultural Research Service responded to the criticism by Carson and others with a public service film, Fire Ant on Trial; Carson characterized it as "flagrant propaganda" that ignored the dangers that spraying pesticides (especially dieldrin and heptachlor) posed to humans and wildlife. The other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement. Pesticide use became a major public issue, especially after the CBS Reports TV special The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson that aired April 3, 1963. [95] Her home in Colesville, Maryland where she wrote Silent Spring was named a National Historic Landmark in 1991. Another vessel of the name, now scrapped, was a former naval vessel obtained and converted by the United States EPA. Name: Rachel Lewis Carson. Rachel Carson, in full Rachel Louise Carson, (born May 27, 1907, Springdale, Pennsylvania, U.S.—died April 14, 1964, Silver Spring, Maryland), American biologist well known for her writings on environmental pollution and the natural history of the sea. The gypsy moth program involved aerial spraying of DDT and other pesticides (mixed with fuel oil), including the spraying of private land. [52], By 1960, Carson had more than enough research material, and the writing was progressing rapidly. Her mother, Maria McLean, had been educated at an elite Presbyterian high school in Washington D.C. and was an accomplished singer and musician; before marriage she was a school teacher. [3] Though the suit was lost, the Supreme Court granted petitioners the right to gain injunctions against potential environmental damage in the future; this laid the basis for later successful environmental actions. Carson's biographer, Linda J. Lear, writes that "Carson sorely needed a devoted friend and kindred spirit who would listen to her without advising and accept her wholly, the writer as well as the woman. Carson, Rachel, 1907–1964—Juvenile literature. Name: Rachel Louise Carson. Carson also began submitting articles on marine life in the Chesapeake Bay, based on her research for the series, to local newspapers and magazines. Title. "[65], Carson and the others involved with publication of Silent Spring expected fierce criticism. Carson was attacked by the chemical industry and some in government as an alarmist, She also attempted to enlist others to join the cause such as essayist E. B. Rachel Carson was an introverted leader who helped launch a global environmental movement though Silent Spring that still inspires readers today and there are numerous lessons we can learn from her uplifting leadership. Her seminal work “ Silent Spring ” (1962) was influential in raising environmental issues and questioning the direction of human scientific progress. [3][42][43], The Audubon Naturalist Society also actively opposed such spraying programs, and recruited Carson to help make public the government's exact spraying practices and the related research. She even had a story published when she was only eleven years old. DDT is a prime example, but other synthetic pesticides come under scrutiny as well, many of which are subject to bioaccumulation. [36] Carson was not the first or the only person to raise concerns about DDT,[37] but her combination of "scientific knowledge and poetic writing" reached a broad audience and helped to focus opposition to DDT use. Carson moved to Silver Spring, Maryland to care for Roger, and spent much of 1957 putting together a new living situation and studying specific environmental threats. Carson bequeathed her manuscripts and papers to Yale University, to take advantage of the new state-of-the-art preservations facilities of the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. By 1958, Carson had arranged a book deal, with plans to co-write with Newsweek science journalist Edwin Diamond. She also wondered about the possible "financial inducements behind certain pesticide programs. By August 1961, Carson finally agreed to the suggestion of her literary agent Marie Rodell: Silent Spring would be a metaphorical title for the entire book, suggesting a bleak future for the whole natural world, rather than a single chapter title about the literal absence of birdsong. [120] Democratic Senator Benjamin L. Cardin of Maryland had intended to submit a resolution celebrating Carson for her "legacy of scientific rigor coupled with poetic sensibility" on the 100th anniversary of her birth. MS typewritten letter: Dear Miss Spock; 12/8/1958. [31] In 1955, she completed the third volume of her sea trilogy, The Edge of the Sea, which focuses on life in coastal ecosystems, particularly along the Eastern Seaboard. At the age of eight, she began writing stories. She grew up on a large farm where she learned about nature and animals. Environmentalists. Born: 27 May 1907, Springdale, Pennsylvania, US. The program included segments of Carson reading from Silent Spring and interviews with a number of other experts, mostly critics (including White-Stevens); according to biographer Linda Lear, "in juxtaposition to the wild-eyed, loud-voiced Dr. Robert White-Stevens in white lab coat, Carson appeared anything but the hysterical alarmist that her critics contended. Her mother, Maria Frazier McLean, was a teacher, and well educated. Sitting for the civil service exam, she outscored all other applicants and, in 1936, became the second woman hired by the Bureau of Fisheries for a full-time professional position, as a junior aquatic biologist. (2007), Better Planet: Can A Maligned Pesticide Save Lives? At the urging of her undergraduate biology mentor Mary Scott Skinker, she settled for a temporary position with the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, writing radio copy for a series of weekly educational broadcasts entitled Romance Under the Waters. As a young child, Carson's consuming passions were the nature surrounding her hillside home and her writing. I believe this caution prompted their destruction of some letters within the first two years of their friendship..."[28] According to one reviewer, the pair "fit Carolyn Heilbrun's characterization of a strong female friendship, where what matters is 'not whether friends are homosexual or heterosexual, lovers or not, but whether they share the wonderful energy of work in the public sphere'. into lyric prose, first as an article "Undersea" (1937, for the Atlantic Monthly), This led to many scientific inconsistencies inside the film. Her writing as a popular scientist educated readers about how every entity interacts with the broader web of life. In the summer of that year, Dorothy carried out Rachel's final wishes, scattering her ashes along the rocky shores of Sheepscot Bay in Maine. Rachel Carson attended the Pennsylvania College for Women. Yet Carson had made it clear she was not advocating the banning or complete withdrawal of helpful pesticides, but was instead encouraging responsible and carefully managed use with an awareness of the chemicals' impact on the entire ecosystem. In the meantime, Carson's article-writing success continued—her features appeared in Sun Magazine, Nature, and Collier's. This brought the book to the attention of the chemical industry and its lobbyists, as well as a wide swath of the American populace. First, we see that individual citizens can truly ignite change in the world through their own simple acts of writing, teaching, guiding, and so on. environment. Rachel started writing at a very early age and her publication was for a children’s magazine at the age of ten. Freeman had written to Carson welcoming her to the area when she had heard that the famous author was to become her neighbor. That spring, Carson wrote a letter, published in The Washington Post, that attributed the recent decline in bird populations—in her words, the "silencing of birds"—to pesticide overuse. [88], While there remains no evidence that Carson was openly a women's rights activist, her work and its subsequent criticisms have left an iconic legacy for the ecofeminist movement. MS typewritten letter: Dear Mrs. Spock; 26/3/1958 (1 p.). Linda Lear, The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (1996–2008). Carson attended Springdale’s small school all the way until 10th grade. Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson by Rachel Carson, Linda Lear … She died of a heart attack on April 14, 1964, in her home in Silver Spring, Maryland.[1][82][83]. Carson and her research assistant Jeanne Davis, with the help of NIH librarian Dorothy Algire, found evidence to support the pesticide-cancer connection; to Carson the evidence for the toxicity of a wide array of synthetic pesticides was clear-cut, though such conclusions were very controversial beyond the small community of scientists studying pesticide carcinogenesis. The series of 52 seven-minute programs focused on aquatic life and was intended to generate public interest in fish biology and in the work of the bureau, a task the several writers before Carson had not managed. [91], A variety of groups ranging from government institutions to environmental and conservation organizations to scholarly societies have celebrated Carson's life and work since her death. The University of California, Santa Cruz, named one of its colleges (formerly known as College Eight) Rachel Carson College in 2016. In preparation for the anticipated attacks, Carson and her agent attempted to amass as many prominent supporters as possible before the book's release. [5], At the Pennsylvania College for Women (today known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was somewhat of a loner. The magazine and book publications proceeded as planned, as did the large Book-of-the-Month printing (which included a pamphlet endorsing the book by William O. Carson: Witness for Nature published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. They were particularly concerned about the possibility of being sued for libel. Marine biologist, environmentalist and writer Rachel Carson was born on May 27, 1907, in Springdale, Pennsylvania. 3. Biographical entry courtesy of Carson biographer Linda Lear, © 1998 (Revised 2015), author of Rachel Her body was cremated and the ashes buried beside her mother at Parklawn Memorial Gardens, Rockville, Maryland. With success came financial security, and in 1952 Carson was able to give up her job in order to concentrate on writing full-time. She graduated from the college in 1929. [106], The ceremonial auditorium on the third floor of EPA headquarters, the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, is named after Rachel Carson. Carson first met Dorothy Freeman in the summer of 1953 in Southport Island, Maine. [38] In 1994, an edition of Silent Spring was published with an introduction written by Vice President Al Gore. [107], A number of conservation areas have been named for Carson as well. 2021 As she was nearing full recovery in March (just as she was completing drafts of the two cancer chapters of her book), she discovered cysts in her left breast, one of which necessitated a mastectomy. An international, interdisciplinary center for research and education in the environmental humanities and social sciences, it was established as a joint initiative of Munich's Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and the Deutsches Museum, with the support of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. [118] Carson was featured during the "HerStory" video tribute to notable women on U2's tour in 2017 for the 30th anniversary of The Joshua Tree during a performance of "Ultraviolet (Light My Way)"[119] from the band's 1991 album Achtung Baby. [12] Carson attempted to leave the Bureau (by then transformed into the United States Fish and Wildlife Service) in 1945, but few jobs for naturalists were available, as most money for science was focused on technical fields in the wake of the Manhattan Project. [123][124], American marine biologist and conservationist, Collected papers and posthumous publications. Rachel Carson was born in 1907 on a farm in Pennsylvania, where she grew up loving animals and being outdoors. The committee issued its report on May 15, 1963, largely backing Carson's scientific claims. Rachel Louise Carson was born on her family’s 64-acre homestead near the small town of Springdale, Pennsylvania, USA on May 27, 1907. She then completed her high school education in Parnassus, Pennsylvania, where she graduated in 1925 at the top of her cla… The story of the birth defect-causing drug thalidomide broke just before the book's publication as well, inviting comparisons between Carson and Frances Oldham Kelsey, the Food and Drug Administration reviewer who had blocked the drug's sale in the United States. It also inspired a grassroots environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "In every outthrust headland, in every curving beach, in every grain of sand ther… The result was the book Silent Spring (1962), which brought environmental concerns to an unprecedented share of the American people. Fifteen years after its creation, one journalist described the EPA as "the extended shadow of Silent Spring." [109] In 1985, North Carolina renamed one of its estuarine reserves in honor of Carson, in Beaufort. Houghton Mifflin Trade and Reference Division, "Young readers' (nonrequired) summer books list". Embedded within Perhaps the finest nature writer of the Twentieth Century, Rachel Carson (1907-1964) is remembered more today as the woman who challenged the notion that humans could obtain mastery over nature by chemicals, bombs and space travel than for her studies of ocean life. The resolution was blocked by Republican Senator Tom Coburn of Oklahoma,[121] who said that "The junk science and stigma surrounding DDT—the cheapest and most effective insecticide on the planet—have finally been jettisoned. They would share summers for the remainder of Carson's life, and meet whenever else their schedules permitted. [117] Google created a Google Doodle for Carson's 107th birthday on May 27, 2014. [77] Within a year or so of publication, the attacks on the book and on Carson had largely lost momentum. town of Springdale, Pennsylvania. The young girl … "Why Our Winters Are Getting Warmer", November 1951, (Rachel L. Carson as Interpreted by Irwin Allen—TCM Movie Morlocks on, Under the Sea Wind: A Naturalist's Picture of Ocean Life, Rachel Carson Homestead (birthplace, childhood home), Rachel Carson House (Colesville, Maryland), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Carson&oldid=1016357781, American non-fiction environmental writers, Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal, University of Maryland, College Park faculty, 20th-century American non-fiction writers, Members of the Society of Woman Geographers, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 April 2021, at 19:03. Rachel Carson is a featured article; it (or a previous version of it) has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community.Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so. It was the United States federal government's 1957 gypsy moth eradication program, however, that prompted Carson to devote her research, and her next book, to pesticides and environmental poisons. Her witness for the beauty and integrity of life continues to inspire new generations Dr. Hueper [author of Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases] now gives DDT the definite rating of a "chemical carcinogen. These books constituted a biography of Carson worked for 15 years as a biologist, scientist and editor in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and then the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Carson at work was one of its estuarine reserves in honor of Carson 's 107th on! 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