The dog-to-dog transmission of canine rabies virus variants has been eliminated in the United States since 2004 (17). In that same study, Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated in 39% of cultures and was associated with dogs from nonworking breeds with weights less than 40 lb and indoor habitats. 1.1.13 Take a swab for microbiological testing to guide treatment if there is … Call in or Dine in. Caiman bites in Brazil have been reported, and it was speculated that their oral flora might be similar to that of alligators in the United States (108). After the wound is cleaned apply Vetericyn, neosporin or triple antibiotic ointment to help the wound heal. Pure aerobic growth was seen most commonly in nonpurulent wounds but with associated cellulitis/lymphangitis (67%), followed by purulent wounds (34%) and abscesses (17%). The number of bacterial isolates varied depending on the type of wound. I'm trying to find out what are the likely pathogens for this type of wound so we can get the patient on the correct antibiotic. Data for the oral bacteriology of bears as well as bear bite wounds in humans are limited to a few studies and case reports (79, 140, 145, 175, 193). The growth and identification of anaerobic organisms are frequently a difficult task. The bacteria isolated from bear bite wounds come from a number of individual care reports (Table 4). Worldwide, during the same period, 700 shark attacks were reported, with 51 (7.3%) being fatal attacks. Human wound infections after a pig bite have been reported in a few case reports and series (10, 66, 70, 95). Pasteurella multocida is not typically part of reptilian oral flora, and it is likely acquired transiently in Komodo dragons through the ingestion of prey animals (82). All of the cultures yielded at least one organism. Canine gingival cultures were obtained from 135 healthy dogs at an urban veterinary clinic in Santa Monica, CA, 10% of which grew Staphylococcus aureus and were associated with dogs of working breeds with weights greater than 40 lb and outdoor habitats (209). Chickens are prey in the eyes of a lot of other animals—dogs, cats, and raccoons all want a bite out of these guys. Other organisms isolated, in order of decreasing frequency, included group D streptococcus, Providencia rettgeri, Bacteroides species, Enterobacter species, and Escherichia coli. Bears.Bear attacks have been reported worldwide (29, 52, 106, 164, 188, 214, 227). Grabbing an antibiotic at the feed-supply store can result in the wrong type of antibiotic being used, putting your bird at risk for more problems. <> Hand battered wings, seasoned to . Anaerobic cultures did not grow any organisms. The clonal spread and transmission of spa type t108 and ST398 MRSA isolates among family members of a pig farmer, his coworkers, and his pigs have been reported (119). I have heard that using Vaseline on a rooster’s comb can help combat frost bite, I would suggest that or a triple antibiotic ointment to fight any possible infection. Kunimoto et al. Bacteria isolated from bear bite wounds in humans Only three (5%) of the cultures resulted in no growth (one from a patient with a purulent wound and two from patients with nonpurulent wounds but associated cellulitis/lymphangitis). Infections following bites, scratches, and contact with infectious materials as well as the inhalation of infectious aerosol while examining an infected cat have been reported (34, 84, 232, 233). Infection with Bergeyella zoohelcum was reported for a case of cellulitis after a cat bite (202). Although both Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Capnocytophaga cynodegmi share several characteristics with Capnocytophaga species, they differ genetically from other members of Capnocytophaga species (e.g., Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga sputigena) (22). 1 0 obj However, in comparison to cats, the role of dogs as a source of human Bartonella infection is not as well understood and is restricted to only a few non-bite-related case reports (129, 130, 216). rooster spur injury #265644. The spectrum of cat scratch disease can range from regional tender lymphadenopathy to, less commonly, fulminant systemic infections, osteomyelitis, and encephalopathy (5, 153, 190, 235). Among dog and cat bite wounds, the majority of Streptococcus isolates shared a similar frequency of occurrence, with the exception of Streptococcus pyogenes, which was not seen in cat bite wounds (12% prevalence for dog bites) (206). Our low pricing and convenient shipping options make us your best choice for all of your rooster care needs. Neisseria and Corynebacterium species were also commonly found in samples from dog bite wounds (4, 206). Primary culture often requires longer incubation periods, good anaerobic media, and biochemical tests. stream Bacteria isolated from horse bite wounds in humans Cats are also the main reservoir of Bartonella henselae, the causative agent of cat scratch disease (190). Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius were concomitantly isolated in only three dogs (2%) (209). Although monkey bites are commonly reported, surprisingly very few studies have investigated the bacteriology of monkey bite wounds. In a report of a 22-year-old male with an infected thumb injury following an alligator bite, wound cultures grew Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter agglomerans, Citrobacter diversus, Enterococcus species, and Clostridium species (76). (i) Cats.Cat and other feline bites and exposures have been associated with the human transmission of Francisella tularensis resulting in tularemia (6, 28, 73, 225, 231). In the case of animals, check with your veterinarian about follow-up measures to care for the wound. In a multicenter prospective study of 57 clinically infected human cat bite wounds (206), 63% of the wounds were a mix of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Common bacterial isolates from venom of 15 captive rattlesnakes included P. aeruginosa, Proteus species, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Clostridium species, and Bacteroides fragilis (94). In the event of a rodent bite, the wound should be thoroughly cleansed and tetanus prophylaxis administered, if warranted. Its features that distinguish it from Staphylococcus aureus include its β-galactosidase activity and the lack of acetoin production (209). These animals are often considered “mischievous” and will scour for food if hungry. No cultures were done for mycobacteria, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, or viruses. In the past he has served as an Associate Editor for Clinical Infectious Diseases and the Journal of Medical Microbiology. ( Our Hanovers Location is open 6pm til 1am for late night bites. If one of yours is injured, chances are pretty good that with a little TLC, she'll be recovering in no time. An 8-year-old boy was bitten on his left index finger and developed purulent cellulitis that grew Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus (117). Other species found in cat bite wounds included Streptococcus sanguis biotype II (12%), Streptococcus mutans (11%), Streptococcus equinus (5%), Streptococcus sanguis biotype I (5%), Streptococcus intermedius (4%), Streptococcus constellatus (4%), Streptococcus agalactiae (2%), Streptococcus sanguis (2%), and beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group F (2%). In the United States, an estimated 7,000 venomous snake bites occur annually, with a mortality rate of less than 1% (see the Texas Department of State Health Services Zoonosis Control Branch website [http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/idcu/health/zoonosis/Animal/Bites/Information/venom/snake/]). Apart from these, it has other benefits: Helps to prevent and cure respiratory diseases, ant parasitic, stimulates the circulatory system. (177) reported two cases of Actinobacillus infections from a horse bite. In 2009, 11 provoked and 8 unprovoked alligator attacks were reported in Florida (see the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission website [http://myfwc.com/docs/WildlifeHabitats/Alligator_GatorBites.pdf]). Among members of the genus Streptococcus, the most common species isolated was Streptococcus mitis (22%). Due to its fastidious nature, Bartonella henselae growth and isolation can be very difficult. (ii) Dogs.Blastomycosis in humans acquired from dogs has also been reported (152, 198). 19 1.2 Choice of antibiotic 20 1.2.1 When prescribing an antibiotic for prophylaxis of an uninfected human or Pure anaerobic growth is rare and is almost always accompanied by aerobic organisms (96, 206). Jones et al. The numbers of bacterial isolates varied depending on the type of wound. Other less frequently found isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (4%), Staphylococcus sciuri subsp. Those tips will shrink back. Alligators/crocodiles.Both the alligator population and human encounters with alligators have increased in the United States (142). However, other less commonly reported modes of transmission have been due to scratches and percutaneous inoculation with infected materials (45). MacConkey or triple-sugar-iron agars do not support Capnocytophaga canimorsus growth (22). This was a multicenter, prospective trial of 50 dog bite wounds, of which 60% were punctures, 10% were lacerations, and 30% were a combination of both. For three of these patients, their wounds were described as being a nonpurulent wound with cellulitis, lymphangitis, or both, and the remaining one patient had a purulent wound. lentus (4%), Staphylococcus intermedius (2%), Staphylococcus hominis (2%), Staphylococcus capitis (2%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2%), Staphylococcus hyicus (2%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2%), and Staphylococcus simulans (2%). Iguana.Iguanas are popular exotic pets in the United States. In addition, they are held in captivity in many zoos around the world. septica have been implicated in more serious systemic infections, with Pasteurella multocida subsp. dysgalactiae), Streptococcus suis, Pasteurella aerogenes, Proteus species, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides species including Bacteroides fragilis, Pasteurella multocida, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. These techniques were utilized because of difficulties in identifying this bacterium. The male Komodo dragon had eight aerobic and three anaerobic species, while the female had nine and five, respectively. Komodo dragon.Komodo dragons are native of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang in the Indonesian Islands and are the largest living lizards, reaching a length of approximately 10 feet and weighing 150 pounds. Vetrap bandaging or non stick guaze pads are nice because they don’t stick to feathers when removed. Re-apply the treatment daily. Rooster spur wounds have a high chance of infection and may require oral antibiotics or other treatments that can be prescribed by a licensed physician. Thus, bites by aquatic animals have a bacteriology that is reflective of their water environment. Dogs have germy mouths and a bite can give your bird an infection. Although Pasteurella has been recovered from many other animals (10, 19, 25, 76, 87, 122, 136, 148, 237), including birds (32, 110), in a study of 146 human infections with Pasteurella species, Pasteurella canis (biotype 1) was associated exclusively with dog bites (115). Our hope is that readers will reply with correspondence to fill in any voids in our review. Less frequently observed corynebacterium isolates included Corynebacterium jeikeium, Corynebacterium group B, Corynebacterium group F-1, Corynebacterium kutscheri (2%), Corynebacterium propinquum (2%), and Corynebacterium striatum (2%). It's a good idea to keep ointment … A multicentric study, Isolation and characterization of a newly identified, Transmission of Blastomyces from animals to man, Temple monkeys and health implications of commensalism, Kathmandu, Nepal, Microbiological studies of abscesses complicating Bothrops snakebite in humans: a prospective study, The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths, Cat-scratch disease osteomyelitis from a dog scratch, Antibiotic prophylaxis for pit viper envenomation: prospective, controlled trial, Epidemiological and clinical aspects of animal bite injuries, Prevalence and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant, Purpura fulminans and symmetrical peripheral gangrene caused by, Bacteriology of a bear bite wound to a human: case report, A cross-sectional survey of snake oral bacterial flora from Hong Kong, SAR, China, Alligator attacks on humans in the United States, That horse bit me: zoonotic infections of equines to consider after exposure through the bite or the oral/nasal secretions, Problems of identification in clinical microbiology exemplified by pig bite wound infections, Antibiotics after rattlesnake envenomation, Human and canine pulmonary blastomycosis, North Carolina, 2001-2002, Asymptomatic nasal carriage of mupirocin-resistant, methicillin-resistant, Extensive gas in tissues of the forearm after horse bite, Man's best friend: life threatening sepsis after minor dog bite, Bites by non-native venomous snakes in the United States, Case of glandular form of tularemia acquired during hamster-hunting, Aerobic salivary bacteria in wild and captive Komodo dragons, Human monkeypox transmitted by a chimpanzee in a tropical rain-forest area of Zaire, Increasing incidence of injuries and fatalities inflicted by wild animals in Kashmir, Anaerobic osteomyelitis following a horse bite, Production of toxin in strains previously classified as, Pig bite in Brazil: a case series from a teaching hospital, Bite-related and septic syndromes caused by cats and dogs, The bacteriology of dog bite wounds on initial presentation, Management of MRSA septic arthritis in a dog using a gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponge, Brown/grizzly bear mouth cultures in Alaska, Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin positive MRSA strains isolated from companion animals, Feline sporotrichosis. Localized, superficial infections are the most common type of puncture wound infectious complication. antiseptic solutions and routine antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin and flucloxacillin. This limitation may erroneously lead clinicians to believe that there is an absence of these organisms in infected wounds. anitratus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus lactis, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Citrobacter koseri, Flavobacterium group IIa, Flavobacterium brevis, Micrococcus lylae, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Eikenella corrodens, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Dermabacter hominis, Oerskovia species, Pediococcus damnosus, and Stomatococcus mucilaginosus (206). Less frequently encountered aerobic organisms, in order of decreasing frequency, included Bergeyella zoohelcum (7%) (previously known as Weeksella zoohelcum and prior to that known as CDC group IIj), Capnocytophaga species (7%), Acinetobacter species (7%), Pseudomonas species (5%), Actinomyces species (4%), Brevibacterium species (4%), Gemella morbillorum (4%), Actinobacillus species (4%), Alcaligenes species (4%), Enterobacter cloacae (4%), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (4%), Riemerella anatipestifer (4%), Rothia dentocariosa (4%), Klebsiella oxytoca (2%), Lactobacillus species (2%), Eikenella corrodens (2%), Flavimonas oryzihabitans (2%), Aeromonas hydrophila (2%), Pantoea agglomerans (2%), Rhodococcus species (2%), and Streptomyces species (2%) (206). In a minority of cases the pathogenic bacteria come from the victim's own skin, often as secondary invaders, or from the physical environment at the time of injury. (i) Cats. Other organisms isolated from human horse bite wounds have included Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus mutans, from an infected laceration (156); Campylobacter ureolyticus, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Bacteroides fragilis, from a purulent wound with a subsequent development of osteomyelitis (165); Pasteurella caballi (71); and Yersinia (180). Dr. Abrahamian has been involved in numerous infectious disease-related research projects with publications in the New England Journal of Medicine, Clinical Infectious Diseases, and Annals of Emergency Medicine. Injuries, often on extremities, commonly occur during the capture, transport, or immobilization of the pig (10, 168, 221). Children are commonly bite victims, as rats and other rodents have gained popularity as pets (68, 88). Other organisms associated with human infections after a pig bite have included Actinobacillus suis (70), a Flavobacterium group IIb-like organism (95), and MRSA (51). Others, in order of deceasing frequency, included Pasteurella multocida subsp. The vet will probably give your bird a shot of a strong antibiotic at the clinic, as well as give you an antibiotic, such as Baytril, to give him at home for several weeks. Less commonly observed (≤2%) organisms included Moraxella catarrhalis, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus malodoratus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas vesicularis, Pseudomonas diminuta, Actinomyces neuii subsp. After the wound has healed apply Blu Kote which will dye the area blue making it less attractive to other birds. Dogs.The microbiology of infected bite wounds from dogs is similar to that of the organisms that colonize the dog's oral cavity (7, 23, 85, 90, 91, 93, 96, 192, 195). You will not contract a 'disease' from a rooster bite. In order of decreasing frequency, isolates included Micrococcus species (83%), alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus (50%), Staphylococcus aureus (33%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (16%), beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (16%), Acinetobacter species (16%), nonhemolytic Streptococcus (8%), Bacillus species (8%), Enterobacter species (8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), Proteus mirabilis (8%), Proteus species (8%), and Actinomyces species (8%). Your hens can handle a lot more than they look like they can. He is currently a Section Editor for Clinical Infectious Diseases and chair of the publications committee of Anaerobe. In comparison to the previous year, the number of rabies cases reported in 2008 increased among cats and decreased among dogs (17). Transmission to man, Zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis: case report and review. 17 • the bite is infected and is not responding to oral antibiotics 18 • the bite is in an area of poor circulation. CrossRef; Lake County Oregon. (See \"Animal bites: Evaluation and management\" and \"Human bites: Evaluation and management\" and \"Soft tissue infections following water exposure\".) Other organisms grown from grizzly bear wounds in humans have included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter diversus, and Escherichia coli (193). (ii) Anaerobes. Additional systematic studies of these wounds employing new molecular diagnostic techniques are needed. (iii) Cats and dogs.Rabies in domestic animals such as cats and dogs is rare in the United States. The distinction among these species is difficult with routine diagnostic bacteriology, and confirmation requires molecular techniques (8). Treating i nfected bites. He has served as the president of the faculty council and Education and Research Institute at the OV-UCLA Medical Center. NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. The health care provider may prescribe antibiotics. Bergeyella zoohelcum was also reported to result in tenosynovitis associated with Pasteurella multocida and other Gram-negative bacteria after a bite from a Siberian tiger (122). Pure aerobic growth occurred in 32% of the cases, and none demonstrated pure anaerobic growth. Infections following a bite or scratch and even in instances without an obvious penetrating injury have been reported (53, 62, 77, 186, 199). Table 1 shows common anaerobic bacterial genera isolated from 50 infected dog bite wounds (206). Other organisms less frequently observed included Proteus species, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species, Enterobacter species, and Streptococcus species. One principle that has emerged and is scientifically established is that the bacteria recovered from bite wounds are reflective of the oral flora of the biting animal.

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